Zora+Neale+Hurston

= = = = =    By:Chrissy Ognibene, Karly Kapur, Sasha Senovsky, Will Krajicek  = = = =             = The "Roaring Twenties" was the age for literature. Many famous authors and poets came from this time period. It was a time when many people began to    realize what literature was about. Reading was a popular recreational activity especially during the winter months. Before radio and television most people        learned about what's going on in the world through written articles. Books, newspapers, and magazines were a big part of peoples education. A knowledge        of the classics was considered an essential part of a good education. Literature was a big deal in the twenties       and it still is today.

  The 1920's was a decade right after World War I, the biggest war the world has known to date. This gave rise to much trauma and people began    questioning their values and their priorities in life. This also influenced the arts and literature. Many young American authors, sometimes living in foreign countries, wrote about their everyday lives. From the events that happened during the time, authors would make them into stories and poems. Children stories were made to entertain the younger crowd and to help them learn. Being able to read was basically understanding everything about education. If you could not read, you really could not have much of an education. Literature was something to do everyday and kids were happy with reading because they had nothing else to do. Many stories were based on actual biographies. People became successful and were written about in all types of stories. Fictional characters were big for kids and gave them someone to look up to.

Literature was one of those things that everybody knew about no matter who you were. It was everywhere you went and that is why it was very popular during this time. Stories were something for people to look forward to after long days at work. Printing many versions of different stories helped many publishing companies do pretty well in business. Many stories that became very famous during this time are still known today.

Magazines during this time were full of serials or short stories that were often illustrated to entertain their readers. Many young children who could not yet read enjoyed the pictures. Magazines and newspapers were bigger than books because they were cheap, first of all, and had the information the people wanted. Magazines had fads and trends for women and newspapers had crossword puzzles and information the men liked, such as the stock market, which was big at the time and was covered in most local newspapers. This was a convenience for most people considering they had to walk to find out anything about the stock market. Most men walked to work because they could not afford automobiles and reading the morning newspaper was part of their daily routine.

When Charles Lindbergh First took flight in 1927 he was front page news. The magazines were booming with the amazing transatlantic flight. His flight inspired the thought of not just world travel by air but new poems, that would soon come in the future. Biographies were written about the amazing pilot and newspapers had a front page for a long time. **Al Capone Newsreel ** media type="youtube" key="oEjsE6q_Z9Q" height="344" width="425" Al Capone was an infamous gangster that was in the news during this time.

Here are some magazines and newspapers from the Roaring Twenties. You can see that many of the magazines are still in circulation. media type="youtube" key="Y9T95VC201Q" height="344" width="425" ** SUN NEWSPAPERS NEWSREELS ON LINDBERGH'S FLIGHT ** Newsreels made by newspapers were shown at the movie theaters and was a way to report the news in action. The Roaring Twenties showed us changes in American Literature. It was a period of creativity and the 1920's generation of writers started to experiment with style and form. New ways of writing like “stream of consciousness” and free verse are examples of how writers were changing from a usual writing style to these modern styles. The “stream of consciousness” technique is the flow of random thoughts with no logical sequences that a character’s mind has about an experience. Free verse is a kind of poetry that does not conform to any  regular meter: the length  of its lines are not the same and it hardly ever rhymes. Free verse is now the most widely practiced verse form in English. The authors wanted to find new styles of writing because they were so affected by the war. There were 3 important groups for literature in the 20's. They were The Algonquin Round Table, The Lost Generation and The Harlem Renaissance.

**The Algonquin Round Table** was an informal group of men and    women who all wrote literature. They met each other daily for lunch on the weekends, at a large round table in the Algonquin Hotel in    New York City during the 1920's and 30's. Many of the best-known writers,  journalists, and artists in    New York City were in this group.          <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">"Among them were: Dorothy Parker, Willa Cather, Alexander Woollcott (author of  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">the quote "All the things I really <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">like  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">are immoral,             <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">illegal, or fattening." ) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">(Whitley, American Culture History, 1999). They met to discuss new  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">ideas. They wrote about their feelings and  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">           <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">rebelled against accepted values.

Here's a picture of the **Algonquin Round Table:** Another group was the **Lost Generation**, who were "to themselves people", who lived and wrote in Paris between the wars. These writers mostly wrote about war and their feelings about it. They were idealistic and had lost faith and hope in America. They wrote what they wanted in a realistic way. This group included Ernest Hemingway (__The Sun Also__ __Rises-__ __1925__   and __A Farewell to Arms__-1929__)__, Gertrude Stein (__The Making of Americans__ __-1925)__ , John Dos Passos (__Manhattan Transfer__-1925), William Faulkner (__The Sound and the Fury__-  1929 and __As I Lay Dying-1930__), F. Scott Fitzgerald (__The Great Gatsby-____1925__) and Edith Wharton (__The Age of Innocence__-1920). Many of their  books are still read today in literature classes across the U.S. and some have even been made into movies. Other books written outside the U.S. included Adolph Hitler's autobiographical book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle) written in 1925, Winnie the Pooh written in          1926 by A.A.  Milne, and  the famous mystery writer Agatha Christie wrote numerous books. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> The Lost Generation referred to younger literary modernists who were looking for freedom of thought and action. The term “Lost Generation” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> was    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> a    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> phrase    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> used by [|Gertrude Stein], an American writer who was known for her experimentation style and form. Her innovative work <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> of fiction was   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> influenced by her    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> love of jazz, cubism art form and contemporary art. She is best known for her book __Three Lives__, in   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> which she writes about simple    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">   lower class women at      <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> the    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> turn of the century. Along with Gertrude Stein, other important authors were <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> a part of this group. [|Ernest Hemingway]   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> came    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> to Paris in 1921 and became    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> a    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> member of the Lost Generation literary group. He wrote <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> about things he enjoyed such as traveling, nature, and   <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> hunting. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> His first serious novel    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">      <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  __The Sun Also__     <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  __Rises__     <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> dealt with a group of American <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> expatriates living in France and Spain. He went on to earn the    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> Nobel Prize     <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> in literature <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> and the Pulitzer    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">    <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> Prize for his         <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> novel <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> __Old__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">     __Man__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  __And The Sea__ __.__ <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">       [|F. Scott Fitzgerald] was another writer of the Lost Generation who moved to Europe in 1924.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">          Here are pictures of The Lost Generation,    Gertrude     <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">                        Stein and Ernest Hemingway's journal.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">

Poets who were important during this time included E. E. Cummings. He experimented with language (and punctuation!). Edna St. Vincent Millay expressed her feelings and desires of her time living in Greenwich Village. T.S. Elliot wrote __The Waste Land__, a free form verse reflecting on conditions after WWI. Here's a picture of E.E Cummings media type="youtube" key="iITDyFpFKRg" height="344" width="425" Here's a video of him reciting one of his poems:

Here is an example of E.E. Cummings work: <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">I carry your heart with me (I carry it in my heart) I am never without it (anywhere I go you go, <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">my dear;  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">and whatever is done by only me is  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">your doing,  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">my darling) I fear no fate (for you are my fate, my sweet) I want no world (for beautiful you are my  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">world, my true) and it's you are <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">whatever a moon has always <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">meant  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">and whatever a sun will always sing is you here is the deepest secret nobody  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">knows (here is the root of  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">the root and the bud of the bud and the sky of the sky of a tree called life; which  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">grows  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">higher than the soul can hope or  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">mind can hide) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">and this is the wonder that's keeping the stars apart I carry your heart (I carry it in my heart) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">//Here is the famous poet, T.S.Elliot, reading his most popular poem __The Waste Land__ .// <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">// **T.S. Eliot narrating the Waste Land poem Part 1 of 2:** // media type="youtube" key="oZdcYdE7mME" height="344" width="425"

the first important movement of African American writers and artists in the U.S. and was based in northern New York City. African-American writers wrote about how the negro image was changing from living in the country to living in the city. During this time, the blacks were trying to reconnect to their roots and also trying to fit into the American society. The blacks were becoming more sophisticated and were trying to be like white people. They published more than ever before. African American authors, artists, and musicians finally got rewards, applauds, and attention. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">This group <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">included: Zora Neale Hurston, W.E.B. DuBois  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">, Langston  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Hughes, and Alain Locke, and they were the best of the best  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">for the Renaissance. James Langston Hughes was a black American poet who came from an unhappy childhood. His first published poem was the "Negro Speaks of Rivers. "Some other famous black authors and novels were: Jean Toomer who wrote __Cane__ in 1923, Wallace Thurman who wrote __The Blacker the Berry; a Novel of Negro Life__ in 1929, and Randolph Fisher who wrote __The Walls of Jericho__ in 1928. Claude McKay,was one of the first African American writers of this movement to get his work published by a mainstream national publisher. Nella Larson was a famous author. One of her most famous stories was __Passing____.__ It was a story about two women passing for white.
 * The Harlem Renaissance** was the period from the end of World War I through the middle of the 1930’s Depression. This was considered

American literature went through many changes with many authors writing mostly about war and their feelings of disillusionment about it. People      began questioning       their values and their priorities in life and the authors during this time wanted to find new styles of writing. Writers started to        experiment with style           and form. The three important groups formed during this time were The Algonquin Round Table, The Lost Generation and    the Harlem Renaissance. The Roaring Twenties is known for bringing about some of the best known American writers, journalists and artists    who are still being read today. __**Resources:**__

Reuben, Paul. "Chapter 9: Harlem Renaissance - A Brief Introduction." __PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project__. None given. None given. 27 Jan 2009 <http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/9intro.html>.

Saltzman, Arthur M. "Lost Generation." World Book Online Reference Center. 2006. World Book, Inc.2 Mar.2006 http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar331450 <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Whitley, Peggy. "Books and Literature." __American Culture History__. 2008. Star Lane College. 22 Jan 2009 <http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade20.html>.

No name given, No name given. "Literature." __The1920's Experience__. None given. None given. 28 Jan 2009 <-www.angelfire.com/co/pscst/lit.html>.

No name given, No name given. "Literature From the 1920's." __The Roaring Twenties__. None given. None given. 22 Jan 2009 <http://www.tqnyc.org/2006/NYC063369//literature.htm> None given, None given. "Lost Generation." __Wikipedia__. 2009. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. 27 Jan 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Generation>. No name given, No name given. "The Great Depression (1920–1940)." __Spark Notes__. 2008. SparkNotes LLC. 27 Jan 2009 <http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/depression/section2.html>. No name given, No name given. "The Roaring Twenties." __1920's Literature__. 2005. None given. 27 Jan 2009 <http://www.1920-30.com/literature/>.

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